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Posted at August 27, 2009, 1:14 pm: Here are some interesting articles that I came across while looking at mechanisms to increase muscle hypertrophy. These findings are surprising but quite interesting. While obviously using venous occlusive method is not a supp it does relate to N.O. as it brings to question the benefit of increased blood flow associated w/ vasodilators (yes, I know there are other benefits) Obviously, the low-intensity training may be different than what most people here use but I thought the findings were intriguing. I’m not advocating exercising with tourniquets on your limbs . . . yet Title Resistance training with vascular occlusion: metabolic adaptations in human muscle. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35(7):1203-8, 2003 Jul. Burgomaster KA. Moore DR. Schofield LM. Phillips SM. Sale DG. Gibala MJ. Two recent studies have reported increases in strength and whole muscle cross-sectional area after low-intensity resistance training (LIT) with vascular occlusion (OCC) that are greater than LIT alone (e.g., 22, 25). The OCC stress might be expected to induce metabolic alterations that are consistent with compromised oxygen delivery rather than an increase in strength per se, but this has not been studied. PURPOSE: We examined the effect of LIT and LIT+OCC on resting metabolites in m. biceps brachii and elbow flexor strength. METHODS: Eight men (19.5 +/- 0.4 yr) performed 8 wk of LIT at approximately 50% of one-repetition maximum (2 sessions per week; 3-6 sets, 8-10 repetitions, final set to failure); one arm trained with OCC and the other without (CON). :Biopsies obtained before and 72 h after the final training bout revealed that resting [glycogen] was higher (P <or= 0.05) in both arms after LIT (CON: 452 +/- 20 vs 325 +/- 28, OCC: 501 +/- 12 vs 332 +/- 28 mmol.kg-1 dry weight) and the increase was larger in the OCC arm (P <or= 0.05). Resting [ATP] was lower (P <or= 0.05) after LIT in both arms (CON: 20.5 +/- 0.5 vs 22.8 +/- 0.7, OCC: 18.2 +/- 0.6 vs 23.1 +/- 0.5 mmol.kg-1 dry weight), and the decrease was larger in the OCC arm (P <or= 0.05). Maximal isotonic and isokinetic elbow flexor strength increased (P <or= 0.05) after training to a similar extent in both arms. CONCLUSION: We conclude that [glycogen] was increased and [ATP] was decreased in resting human muscle, 72 h after an 8-wk LIT protocol. OCC potentiated the metabolic changes, perhaps by inducing an ischemic stimulus that enhanced muscle glucose transport and adenine nucleotide catabolism after LIT, but did not augment the increases in strength. -Occlusion method - For the OCC condition, an occlusion cuff (12-cm width) was placed around the upper-arm approximately 2 cm proximal to the biceps brachii, and pneumatically inflated to 100 mm Hg. A cuff pressure of 100 mm Hg was employed in order to restrict venous blood flow outflow and cause pooling of blood in capacitance vessels distal to the cuff, ultimately restricting arterial blood inflow (25). The cuff remained in place and inflated throughout the first set of three sets during each training session. Title Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion. Source European Journal of Applied Physiology. 92(4-5):399-406, 2004 Aug. Authors Moore DR. Burgomaster KA. Schofield LM. Gibala MJ. Sale DG. Phillips SM. Low-intensity (approximately 50% of a single repetition maximum-1 RM) resistance training combined with vascular occlusion results in increases in muscle strength and cross-sectional area [Takarada et al. (2002) Eur J Appl Physiol 86:308-331]. The mechanisms responsible for this hypertrophy and strength gain remain elusive and no study has assessed the contribution of neuromuscular adaptations to these strength gains. We examined the effect of low-intensity training (8 weeks of unilateral elbow flexion at 50% 1 RM) both with (OCC) and without vascular occlusion (CON) on neuromuscular changes in the elbow flexors of eight previously untrained men [19.5 (0.4) years]. Following training, maximal voluntary dynamic strength increased (P<0.05) in OCC (22%) and CON (23%); however, isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength increased in OCC only (8.3%, P<0.05). Motor unit activation, assessed by interpolated twitch, was high (approximately 98%) in OCC and CON both pre- and post-training. Evoked resting twitch torque decreased 21% in OCC (P<0.05) but was not altered in CON. Training resulted in a reduction in the twitch:MVC ratio in OCC only (29%, P<0.01). Post-activation potentiation (PAP) significantly increased by 51% in OCC (P<0.05) and was not changed in CON. We conclude that low-intensity resistance training in combination with vascular occlusion produces an adequate stimulus for increasing muscle strength and causes changes in indices of neuromuscular function, such as depressed resting twitch torque and enhanced PAP. Title Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats.[erratum appears in Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Oct;37(10):1824]. Source Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 37(7):1144-50, 2005 Jul. Authors Kawada S. Ishii N. PURPOSE: Some previous studies have shown that resistance exercise training with venous occlusion causes an enhanced hypertrophy in human muscles. To investigate the effects of blood flow on muscular size at either cellular or subcellular level, we developed an animal model in which several veins from hindlimb muscles of the rat are surgically crush-occluded. METHODS: Twenty-four male Wister rats were randomly assigned into either a group for sham operation (sham group) or a group for venous occlusion (experimental group; N = 12 for each group). Fourteen days after the operation, plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior muscles were dissected from hindlimbs and subjected to morphological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Fourteen days after the operation, the muscles expect for soleus showed similar increases in wet weight/body weight (by 7-12%) as compared with the sham-operated group (P < 0.05). Further analyses on the plantaris muscle showed increases in muscle dry weight/ body weight (by 10%) and the concentrations of myofibrillar protein (by 23%), glycogen (by 93%) and lactate (by 23%) after the operation (P < 0.05). Mean fiber cross-sectional area was larger by 34% in the experimental group than in the sham-operated group (P < 0.01). The content of HSP-72 increased, whereas that of myostatin protein decreased (P < 0.01). The expression of nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS-1) mRNA increased (P < 0.01), whereas that of IGF-1 mRNA showed no significant change (P = 0.36). Although the muscle nitric oxide (NO) concentration tended to increase, but the change was not significant (P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in muscle blood flow may affect the muscular size through actions of HSP-72, myostatin, and NOS-1. Excerpt In - accordance with previous studies (4), myosin ATPase staining showed that the percentage of Type 1 fibers in the soleus muscle was much larger than in other hypertrophied muscles (data not shown). Therefore, the effects of venous occlusion may depend on the muscle-fiber composition. - The hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle was associated with an increased content of HSP-72. . . . HSP-72 is induced by such stressors as heat, ischemia, hypoxia, and free radicals, and acts as chaperone to prevent misfolding or aggregation of proteins - An increased expression of NOS-1 within muscle fibers may also play an important role in muscular hypertrophy, because several recent studies have shown that NO stimulates the muscle growth - The hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle was associated with the decrease in muscle myostatin content. - venous occlusion did not cause a significant increase in IGF-1 expression . . . results suggest that IGF-1 would not be always essential for muscle hypertrophy, if such factors as myostatin, HSP-72, and NOS-1 would change in favor of the muscular growth Original of the message was taken from http://forum.bodybuilding.com/ Replies:Bump for this, very interesting read.Here is something from Will Brink: Interesting info. http://forum. Occlusion-based training has been around for a while and seems to be e... Nor would I Sounds good to me. Mild breakdown of muscle proteins stimulates the rebuilding process. Could you expand more on this? Challenging the ATP system for adaption... You don't want to limit ATP production at all. Yes, that is what I was saying with my post, you had stated above that... I guess its easy for that to get misunderstood since this thread revol... Ahh, ok. Small study but interesting results. No one needs a blood clot to form, break off and fly to their brain ri... Again to clarify I am not advocating that method of training . Other Topics of Body Building:My before and after picsHalo D O/T : Anyone help me this song name on the fit show? bench press or dips? Dips and lower pecs 1.5 inch on arms in 5 months.. EoR's Mission: Get Stronger! Poster? Will anti-inflammatory cut you up? Squat hits the core, right? pumping iron 2..the women No money!!! Natural "Pros" Whats up? Bob are you hosting the USA in 2 weeks? 100 pushups 100 sit ups a night...amazing results!! 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